In the last post we learned all about how scoping works with JavaScript let, const and var variables.

We now know that var is **function scope**, and now we know that let and const are block scope, which means any time you've got a set of curly brackets you have block scope.

Now, we need to know you can only declare a variable inside of its scope once.

const key = 'abc123';
let points = 50;
let winner = false;

If I try to update points by re-declaring the let variable:

let points = 60;

The browser says points has already been declared.

However, with var, it will just go ahead and declare the variable, which can cause a lot of bugs, because you might accidentally use the same variable twice.

You can update a let variable, and we'll take a look more at let and const but you cannot redeclare it twice in the same scope.

Now, what if I had this?

const key = 'abc123';
let points = 50;
let winner = false;

if(points > 40) {
   let winner = true
}

If we type in the console, winner will come back as false. We can add a Console.log line to prove that it runs, but why is winner still false, if we set winner to be true?

The important thing here is that these two winner variables are actually two separate variables. They have the same name, but they are both scoped differently:

• let winner = false outside of the if loop is scoped to the window.

• let winner = true inside the if loop is scoped to the block.

If I change our let winner to be var winner, they'll come back as true, because it's not inside of a function, it's not scoped to it, whereas a let variable is.

The other thing we need to know about it is that the difference between let and const is that const variables cannot be updated.

let variables are made to be updated. I may say:

const key = 'abc123';
let points = 50;
let winner = false;

points = 60;

..and that will work just fine.

However, I've got that key variable, maybe something that you do not want to ever change, we can use a const, which stands for constant.

const key = 'abc123';

If I try to update it like so:

const key = 'abc123';
let points = 50;
let winner = false;

key = 'abc1234';

That won't work because you cannot update a const variable, whereas you can update a let variable.

We're going to go more into examples of these and you're going to understand which one to use as we go through, but that's really all we need to know about it for now.

One other quick thing is that sometimes people think that const means it's immutable, which means that if I have an object...

const person = {
 name: 'Wes',
 age: 28
}

...and if I try to update something in the const object by typing person = { name: 'Wesley' } it won't allow me to do that.

However, the properties of a const variable can change. That's because the entire object is not immutable. It just can't be reassigned entirely.

The way I like to think about it with an object is that the person is me. I'm not going to ever change, my entire life, but attributes about me are going to change.

Maybe my age, my hair color, where I live — things about me — are going to change. That's fine, as long as the object that is assigned to Wes is always the exact same object, I can go ahead and set a new age:

const person = {
  name: 'Wes',
  age: 28
}

person.age = 29

That will work just fine, but I cannot ever wipe out the entire variable.

If you do need to freeze everything, we have something called Object.freeze. It's actually not part of ES6, but you can take a look at it on MDN.

So we can use it on our object:

const personFreeze = Object.freeze(person);

If I try to update Wes.age = 30, it will still say 28 👌